Your dog’s eyes lock onto yours during a training session, that unwavering focus that says, “I’m ready to work.” You reach for a treat, but that moment of connection comes with a nagging worry—is this reward sabotaging their waistline? For trainers and pet parents committed to both behavior and health, the quest for the perfect training treat feels like walking a tightrope between motivation and weight management. Enter freeze-dried low-fat turkey hearts: a nutritional powerhouse that delivers intense flavor without the calorie bomb, keeping your dog lean, eager, and ready to learn.
Unlike conventional training treats bulked up with carbs and mysterious fillers, these tiny morsels pack pure muscle meat nutrition into a lightweight, shelf-stable format. The freeze-drying process concentrates the natural umami that dogs crave while preserving the lean protein structure that supports their metabolism. Whether you’re proofing a competition heel or simply teaching reliable recall, understanding how to select and use these treats effectively transforms them from a simple snack into a strategic training tool.
Top 10 Freeze-Dried Low-Fat Turkey Hearts for Weight Loss
Detailed Product Reviews
1. hotspot pets Freeze Dried Turkey Liver Treats for Cats & Dogs -Made in USA, 1lb Big Bag, Single Ingredient All Natural Grain-Free Turkey Liver- Crunchy, Perfect for Training, Topper or Snack
Overview: The hotspot pets Freeze Dried Turkey Liver Treats deliver a substantial 1-pound bulk bag of single-ingredient goodness suitable for both cats and dogs. These all-natural, grain-free treats are crafted from 100% USA-sourced turkey liver, offering a crunchy texture that appeals to pets while serving multiple functions as training rewards, meal toppers, or standalone snacks. The formulation specifically targets pets with dietary restrictions, including those managing weight, diabetes, allergies, or gastrointestinal sensitivities.
What Makes It Stand Out: The generous one-pound quantity immediately distinguishes this product from competitors, making it ideal for multi-pet households or frequent trainers. Its versatility as both a treat and food topper provides exceptional utility, while the single-ingredient composition ensures complete transparency for concerned pet parents. The product specifically addresses health-conscious consumers by marketing toward pets with medical conditions or restricted diets, positioning it as a functional food rather than just a treat.
Value for Money: At $40.00 per pound, this product sits in the mid-range premium category, offering significant savings compared to boutique brands while maintaining quality. The bulk sizing reduces per-treat cost substantially versus smaller packages, and the dual-species compatibility means single-pet households can share across cats and dogs, maximizing value. For regular users, this large bag eliminates frequent reordering costs and hassles.
Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include the economical bulk size, genuine single-ingredient purity, versatile application, and USA sourcing. The crunchy texture appeals to most pets, and the health-focused marketing is backed by appropriate nutritional benefits. Weaknesses involve the large bag potentially losing freshness before completion in single-pet homes, and the robust liver aroma may be off-putting to some owners. The 1-pound quantity might be overwhelming for those wanting to sample first.
Bottom Line: This product excels for dedicated pet owners seeking high-quality, versatile treats in economical quantities. The health-focused formulation and multi-pet suitability make it a practical choice for households prioritizing natural nutrition without premium pricing extremes.
2. Remy’s Kitchen Just Turkey Hearts Freeze Dried Dog Treats | High Protein Training Treats for Dogs | USA Sourced, Small Batch, Human-Grade, All Natural, Grain Free, Single Ingredient | 3 oz
Overview: Remy’s Kitchen Just Turkey Hearts offers a premium, small-batch freeze-dried treat option for discerning dog owners. This 3-ounce package contains 100% USA-sourced turkey hearts, processed using human-grade standards without any artificial additives, preservatives, or fillers. The single-ingredient formulation targets health-conscious consumers seeking nutrient-dense organ meat treats for training or supplemental feeding.
What Makes It Stand Out: The “human-grade” designation and small-batch production represent the pinnacle of pet treat quality, ensuring exceptional safety and consistency. Turkey hearts provide concentrated nutrition, packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and omega fatty acids that support skin, coat, and immune function. The grain-free, easily digestible composition makes these ideal for sensitive systems, while the freeze-drying process preserves maximum nutritional integrity and creates a satisfying crunchy texture.
Value for Money: At $75.95 per pound, this product commands a significant premium over standard treats. However, the human-grade certification, organ meat nutritional density, and small-batch quality control justify the expense for owners prioritizing optimal nutrition. The 3-ounce size allows trial without major investment, though regular users will find the per-treat cost substantially higher than alternatives.
Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include unparalleled quality standards, superior ingredient sourcing, exceptional nutrient profile from heart meat, and suitability for dogs with severe sensitivities. The small-batch approach ensures consistency. Weaknesses center on the extremely high price point and tiny package size, which offers poor value for multi-dog households or frequent trainers. The cost-prohibitive nature limits accessibility for budget-conscious owners.
Bottom Line: This is a luxury choice for owners unwilling to compromise on ingredient quality and processing standards. While the price demands serious budget consideration, the human-grade organ meat nutrition delivers unmatched quality for dogs with special dietary needs.
3. Remy’s Kitchen Just Turkey Hearts Freeze Dried Dog Treats | High Protein Training Treats for Dogs | USA Sourced, Small Batch, Human-Grade, All Natural, Grain Free, Single Ingredient | 3 oz, 2-Pack
Overview: This 2-pack bundle of Remy’s Kitchen Just Turkey Hearts doubles the quantity of the premium single-ingredient treats, offering 6 ounces total of freeze-dried turkey hearts for dogs. Maintaining the same exacting standards as the individual package, these treats feature 100% USA-sourced, human-grade turkey hearts produced in small batches without any artificial additives, grains, or fillers.
What Makes It Stand Out: The bundled packaging provides a modest cost savings while preserving the exceptional quality attributes that define the brand: human-grade certification, small-batch production, and nutrient-dense organ meat sourcing. Turkey hearts deliver concentrated taurine, vitamins, and minerals essential for canine cardiac health and overall vitality. The freeze-drying process ensures maximum nutrient retention and creates a highly palatable, crunchy reward perfect for training scenarios.
Value for Money: At approximately $72.00 per pound (calculated from the 2-pack price), buyers save about 5% compared to purchasing two individual 3-ounce bags separately. While still positioned in the luxury tier, this bulk option slightly improves the value proposition for committed customers. The per-treat cost remains high, but the reduced packaging waste and convenience factor add intangible value for regular purchasers.
Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include incremental cost savings, consistent premium quality, superior organ meat nutrition, and the convenience of stocking up. The human-grade, single-ingredient purity remains unmatched in the mass market. Weaknesses continue to be the premium pricing structure that limits accessibility, and the relatively small total quantity (6 ounces) may still be insufficient for large breeds or heavy users. The high cost per pound remains the primary barrier.
Bottom Line: This 2-pack suits established fans of Remy’s Kitchen who’ve already accepted the premium pricing and want modest savings. New customers should try the single package first, but devoted users will appreciate the convenience and slight discount of this bundle.
4. Dr. Harvey’s Chicken Hearts Freeze Dried Training Cat Treats with Real Chicken Hearts for Cats, 7 Ounces
Overview: Dr. Harvey’s Chicken Hearts Freeze Dried Training Treats cater specifically to feline nutritional needs with this 7-ounce package of pure chicken hearts. Sourced from quality USA poultry, these single-ingredient treats contain no additives, fillers, or preservatives, delivering 65% crude protein with only 5% fat. The freeze-drying process preserves natural flavors and nutrients while creating a lightweight, shelf-stable reward that requires no refrigeration.
What Makes It Stand Out: The cat-specific formulation distinguishes this product in a market dominated by canine-focused treats. Chicken hearts provide species-appropriate nutrition with an impressive protein-to-fat ratio ideal for obligate carnivores. The nutritional analysis transparency (65% protein, 5% fat) demonstrates formulation expertise, while the heart-meat ingredient offers taurine and other nutrients critical for feline health. The 30-day freshness recommendation indicates commitment to optimal quality.
Value for Money: At $70.72 per pound, this product sits in the premium tier but offers better value than many boutique brands. The 7-ounce size provides ample quantity for most cat owners without the freshness concerns of larger bags. While expensive compared to mass-market treats, the single-ingredient purity and cat-specific formulation justify the cost for health-conscious feline parents.
Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include the feline-focused formulation, excellent macronutrient profile, transparent sourcing, and appropriate package size for cat households. The single-ingredient simplicity eliminates allergen concerns. Weaknesses involve the premium pricing, chicken-specific formulation limiting pets with poultry allergies, and the relatively short 30-day optimal consumption window. The product’s cat-exclusive marketing excludes multi-pet dog-owning households.
Bottom Line: This is an outstanding choice for cat owners prioritizing biologically appropriate, high-protein treats. The organ meat nutrition and thoughtful formulation make it worth the premium price for feline health enthusiasts, though dog owners must look elsewhere.
5. Whole Life Dog Just One Turkey Freeze Dried Dog Treats - Human Grade High Protein Food, Healthy Training Snacks, Freeze Dried Food Toppers, USA Made Natural Treats - 10 oz (Value Pack of 1)
Overview: Whole Life Dog Just One Turkey treats represent the ultra-premium segment with this 10-ounce package of human-grade freeze-dried turkey. Manufactured in the USA, these single-ingredient treats contain pure turkey without additives, fillers, or preservatives. The versatile formulation serves as training treats, meal toppers, or standalone snacks, specifically designed for dogs with food sensitivities or discerning palates.
What Makes It Stand Out: The human-grade certification combined with sophisticated processing positions this as a luxury product. Unlike organ meat treats, this likely uses muscle meat, providing a different nutritional profile that may be preferable for dogs requiring leaner protein sources. The gentle formulation targets sensitive digestive systems while maintaining palatability. The brand’s reputation for quality and the 10-ounce size offer substantial quantity for the premium segment.
Value for Money: At $85.10 per pound, this is the most expensive option reviewed, commanding a 40% premium over mid-tier alternatives. The human-grade designation, sophisticated freeze-drying technology, and quality assurance justify the cost for owners seeking the absolute best. While prohibitively expensive for budget-conscious buyers, the price reflects food-grade processing standards rarely seen in pet products.
Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include unmatched human-grade quality, USA manufacturing, single-ingredient purity, and suitability for highly sensitive dogs. The versatile treat/topper function adds value. Weaknesses center on the extreme price point, which limits accessibility. The turkey muscle meat (versus organ meat) may offer fewer concentrated nutrients compared to heart or liver treats. The premium pricing may not align with perceived value for owners content with standard “pet-grade” products.
Bottom Line: This luxury option suits owners demanding human-food-grade quality for their dogs regardless of cost. While the nutritional advantage over premium pet-grade treats is debatable, the peace of mind and exceptional quality control justify the expense for those who can afford it.
Why Turkey Hearts Are the Ultimate Low-Fat Training Treat
The Nutritional Powerhouse in a Tiny Package
Turkey hearts aren’t just another offal—they’re nature’s multivitamin for dogs. Rich in taurine, essential amino acids, B-complex vitamins, and iron, these organ meats support cardiac health, energy metabolism, and oxygen transport. A single ounce of turkey heart contains approximately 6 grams of protein while delivering less than 2 grams of fat, creating a macronutrient profile that aligns perfectly with canine ancestral diets. The dense nutrient concentration means your dog receives meaningful nutrition from a treat smaller than your thumbnail, eliminating the need for large, calorie-heavy rewards during repetitive training drills.
Low-Fat, High-Reward: The Perfect Combination
The psychological impact of a high-value reward doesn’t correlate with its physical size. Dogs respond to scent intensity and taste complexity, both of which are amplified through freeze-drying. Turkey hearts’ naturally low fat content—significantly leaner than beef liver or chicken thighs—means you can deliver 30-40 rewards during a 15-minute training session while adding fewer than 30 calories to your dog’s daily intake. This math becomes critical for small breeds where a single commercial biscuit might represent 10% of their daily caloric needs.
The Science Behind Freeze-Drying Preservation
How Freeze-Drying Preserves Nutrients Without Compromise
The sublimation process—freezing raw turkey hearts at -40°F then removing water content through vacuum pressure—preserves cellular integrity in ways dehydration cannot. Heat-based drying methods destroy up to 50% of heat-sensitive B vitamins and taurine, but freeze-drying retains 97% of the original nutritional profile. This matters because taurine deficiency has been linked to dilated cardiomyopathy in certain breeds, making nutrient preservation more than a marketing claim—it’s a health imperative.
Texture Transformation and Training Advantages
Freeze-drying creates a unique cellular structure that shatters cleanly between your fingers, allowing you to break pea-sized pieces without crumbling dust. This fracturing capability gives you precise portion control while maintaining treat integrity in your pocket or bait bag. The resulting texture provides a satisfying crunch that releases aromatic compounds, triggering your dog’s olfactory system from up to 20 feet away—perfect for building engagement at distance.
Decoding Quality: What to Look for on the Label
Sourcing Transparency: From Farm to Freeze-Dryer
Quality begins with the bird’s life before processing. Look for products sourced from turkeys raised without antibiotics or added hormones, with access to pasture or enriched indoor environments. The label should specify “human-grade” or “humanely raised” certifications, though these terms aren’t legally regulated in pet food. More telling is the mention of specific farms or regions—transparency indicates supply chain confidence. Avoid generic “animal by-products” or “meat meal” language, which can hide lower-quality sourcing.
Ingredient Integrity: Single vs. Multi-Ingredient Formulations
The gold standard for training treats is a single-ingredient product: “turkey hearts” and nothing else. Some manufacturers add tocopherols (vitamin E) as natural preservatives—acceptable but unnecessary in quality freeze-dried products. Be wary of “turkey heart treats” that list turkey hearts third behind sweet potatoes or pea protein, effectively creating a carb-based treat with meat flavoring rather than a protein-centric reward.
Size, Shape, and Training Functionality
Training Treats vs. Meal Toppers: Understanding Intended Use
Freeze-dried turkey hearts come in two primary cuts: whole hearts (1-2 inches) designed as meal toppers or high-value jackpots, and pre-diced pieces (¼-½ inch) optimized for training. For obedience work requiring rapid reinforcement, dice-sized pieces allow you to reward at a rate of 2-3 treats per minute without fumbling. Whole hearts work better for proofing behaviors in highly distracting environments or as a session-ending jackpot that signals “well done.”
Portion Control Precision for Different Dog Sizes
A 60-pound Labrador might handle a whole heart as a single reward, but that same piece represents an entire training session’s worth of treats for a 10-pound terrier. Quality manufacturers offer size-specific packaging—“training size” for small breeds, “standard” for medium to large dogs. The ability to break pieces cleanly matters more than pre-cut size; you should be able to halve a training-sized piece for precision work like contact zone drills in agility.
The Calorie Equation: Treats Without the Weight Gain
Calculating Treat Calories in Your Dog’s Daily Budget
Veterinary nutritionists recommend treats comprise no more than 10% of daily caloric intake. For a 50-pound dog requiring 1,000 calories daily, that’s 100 treat calories maximum. Freeze-dried turkey hearts average 3-4 calories per gram, meaning you can deliver 25-30 rewards before hitting that limit. Compare this to commercial soft chews at 15-20 calories each, where five treats max out the budget. The math becomes even more favorable when you factor in the nutrient density—your dog’s body processes these calories efficiently rather than storing them as fat.
The Weight Management Training Protocol
For overweight dogs in training, turkey hearts enable a “reward volume without calorie volume” approach. Break each heart into 20-30 micro-rewards, delivering them rapid-fire for correct responses while keeping total intake under 20 calories. Pair this with a 10% reduction in meal portions on heavy training days to maintain a caloric deficit. The high protein content (70% minimum) supports lean muscle retention during weight loss, preventing the metabolism slowdown common with calorie restriction.
Allergen-Friendly Benefits of Turkey Hearts
Turkey as a Novel Protein for Sensitive Dogs
Food sensitivities often develop against common proteins like chicken or beef due to overexposure. Turkey represents a novel protein for many dogs, meaning their immune system hasn’t developed reactive antibodies. The single-ingredient nature eliminates cross-contamination risks from grains, dairy, or legumes. For dogs with inflammatory bowel disease or chronic ear infections, switching to turkey heart treats can reduce systemic inflammation while maintaining training motivation.
Low Histamine Considerations
Fresh organ meats contain higher histamine levels that can trigger reactions in sensitive dogs. The freeze-drying process, when performed immediately after harvest, locks histamine levels at their lowest point. Look for products specifying “frozen within 2 hours of processing” to ensure you’re getting the lowest histamine concentration possible. This makes freeze-dried turkey hearts suitable for some dogs who can’t tolerate fresh organ meats.
Proper Storage for Maximum Freshness
Environmental Factors That Degrade Quality
Freeze-dried treats are hygroscopic—they actively absorb moisture from the air. Exposure to humidity above 50% can rehydrate pieces, creating a spongy texture and inviting bacterial growth. Store treats in their original packaging with desiccant packets, or transfer to airtight glass jars with oxygen absorbers. Keep them in cool, dark locations; temperatures above 75°F accelerate fat oxidation, even in lean meats, leading to rancidity that dogs detect but humans might miss.
Shelf Life Realities vs. Marketing Claims
While manufacturers often claim 2-3 year shelf lives, optimal palatability and nutrition occur within 12-18 months of production. The “best by” date reflects safety, not quality peak. Once opened, use within 30-45 days for maximum aroma and texture. Write the opening date on the package—it’s easy to forget when that bulk bag was first used. For trainers working with multiple dogs, consider vacuum-sealing portions in weekly increments to maintain freshness across a large bag.
Training Psychology: Maximizing Motivation
The High-Value Reward Hierarchy
Not all treats are created equal in your dog’s mind. Freeze-dried turkey hearts typically rank in the top tier of motivators, above kibble but sometimes below fresh liver. Use this strategically: reserve turkey hearts for learning new behaviors or working in challenging environments, while using lower-value rewards for known behaviors in quiet settings. This creates a “jackpot” effect that accelerates learning. The novelty factor also matters—rotating between turkey hearts and another premium treat prevents habituation, keeping your dog’s anticipation high.
Timing and Delivery Techniques for Optimal Results
The 1-2 second rule of marker timing applies doubly with high-value treats. Deliver the reward immediately after your clicker mark or verbal “yes” to forge a strong behavior-reward connection. For precision behaviors like competition heeling, feed turkey hearts directly from your hand to your dog’s mouth rather than tossing, maintaining engagement and position. The treat’s light weight makes it unsuitable for throwing long distances—use a different reward for retrieve-based games to avoid confusion.
Budgeting for Premium Training Rewards
Cost Per Use: The Real Value Calculation
At $25-35 per 8-ounce bag, freeze-dried turkey hearts seem expensive compared to $5 biscuits. But calculating cost per reward tells a different story. An 8-ounce bag contains approximately 200 training-sized pieces, translating to 12-17 cents per reward. Since you use fewer treats per session due to their high value, the monthly cost often matches or beats lower-quality alternatives. Factor in potential veterinary savings from avoiding obesity-related issues, and the investment becomes clear.
Bulk Buying Strategies for Multi-Dog Households
Professional trainers and breeders should explore bulk options—some suppliers offer 2-pound bags at 30% savings per ounce. The key is proper repackaging immediately upon arrival. Divide into monthly portions using vacuum sealers or Mylar bags with oxygen absorbers, storing the majority in a freezer while keeping one working bag at room temperature. Never freeze and thaw repeatedly; this creates condensation that compromises the freeze-dried structure. A single 2-pound bag properly stored can supply a three-dog household for 4-5 months of daily training.
Ethical Sourcing and Sustainability
Humane Farming Practices Impact Quality
Stress hormones like cortisol remain in tissue post-slaughter, potentially affecting palatability and nutritional quality. Turkeys raised in low-stress environments with humane handling produce better-tasting, more nutritious hearts. Look for Animal Welfare Approved or Certified Humane labels, which guarantee pasture access and natural behaviors. These practices also result in higher taurine levels, as stress depletes this critical amino acid in muscle tissue.
Environmental Footprint of Freeze-Dried vs. Fresh
Freeze-drying removes 98% of water weight, dramatically reducing transportation emissions compared to shipping fresh or frozen organs. A pound of freeze-dried hearts represents 30-35 pounds of fresh product, meaning fewer trucks on the road and less refrigeration energy. The lightweight packaging also uses less material. For eco-conscious trainers, this concentrated format aligns with sustainability goals while delivering superior nutrition.
Red Flags: Avoiding Subpar Products
Marketing Traps and Misleading Claims
“Basted in turkey broth” sounds appetizing but adds sodium and potentially hidden fats. “Enhanced with glucosamine” usually means insufficient quantities to be therapeutic—pure marketing. “Made with turkey hearts” could mean hearts are 10% of the recipe. The biggest red flag? Vague country-of-origin statements like “globally sourced” when turkey hearts should be traceable to specific North American farms due to poultry import restrictions.
Visual and Olfactory Quality Checks
Quality freeze-dried turkey hearts are uniformly dark red, nearly black, with a dry, chalky texture that snaps cleanly. They should smell like concentrated roasted turkey, not fishy or metallic. White spots indicate fat bloom from temperature abuse, while orange discoloration suggests oxidation. If pieces feel soft or leathery, they’ve absorbed moisture and may harbor mold. Trust your dog’s nose—if they show hesitation, the treat has likely gone rancid even if it looks fine.
Making the Switch: Transitioning Your Training Treat
Gradual Introduction for Sensitive Stomachs
Despite being low-fat, turkey hearts are nutrient-dense and can cause loose stools if introduced abruptly. Start with 2-3 pieces the first day, mixed with familiar treats. Over five days, gradually increase to full replacement while monitoring stool quality. The transition period also lets you gauge your dog’s motivation level—some dogs find the richness overwhelming initially and need time to adjust to the intense flavor.
Adjusting Your Training Rhythm
Switching to a treat that your dog values more than their previous reward changes the training dynamic. You may find your dog becomes more focused but also more intense, potentially offering frantic behaviors. Use this heightened drive to shape calmer, more precise responses by raising criteria gradually. The treat’s small size also means faster eating—reduce your inter-trial latency accordingly, rewarding and resetting quickly to maintain flow in fast-paced drills.
Frequently Asked Questions
Will freeze-dried turkey hearts make my dog hyperactive? The high protein content doesn’t cause hyperactivity—that’s a myth. However, the intense flavor can increase arousal during training. If your dog becomes too excited, use smaller pieces and incorporate calming exercises between reps to channel the motivation productively.
How do these compare to dehydrated turkey hearts nutritionally? Dehydration uses heat that destroys 30-50% of B vitamins and taurine, while freeze-drying preserves 97%. Dehydrated treats are also tougher and harder to break into training-sized portions, making them less practical for high-repetition work.
Can cats eat freeze-dried turkey hearts too? Absolutely. Cats require taurine for heart and eye health, and turkey hearts are an excellent source. Break pieces smaller for feline mouths, and introduce gradually. Many cats find the texture and aroma highly palatable, making them useful for medication administration.
Are these safe for puppies under six months? Yes, the soft, crumbly texture makes them ideal for puppies with developing teeth. The nutrient density supports growth, but limit to 5-10 micro-pieces per session to avoid upsetting their sensitive digestive systems. Always supervise to ensure they’re chewing adequately.
What if my dog doesn’t like them? Palatability issues usually indicate quality problems or storage degradation. Try a different brand with fresher sourcing. You can also briefly rehydrate a piece in warm water to release aroma, or rub it with a tiny amount of coconut oil to create a flavor bridge for picky eaters.
How long does the aroma remain potent after opening? Peak aroma lasts 3-4 weeks after opening if stored properly in an airtight container. After 6-8 weeks, dogs can still detect the scent, but intensity diminishes. For nose work or highly distracting environments, use fresher product to maximize olfactory impact.
Can I use these for dogs with pancreatitis? Always consult your veterinarian first. While low-fat, the rich protein concentration may still trigger issues in acute phases. During recovery or for chronic management, these are often safer than most commercial treats, but start with microscopic amounts and monitor for any digestive distress.
Do I need to refrigerate after opening? Refrigeration isn’t necessary and can actually introduce moisture through condensation when removed. Room temperature storage in an airtight container is optimal. Only refrigerate if you live in a high-humidity climate without air conditioning, and always return to room temperature before opening.
Why are some pieces harder or softer than others? This inconsistency indicates uneven freeze-drying or moisture reabsorption. Quality control should ensure uniform texture. Hard pieces may be over-dried (still safe but less aromatic), while soft pieces are under-dried and risk spoilage. Contact the manufacturer if you notice significant variation.
How do I know if the taurine content is adequate? While labels don’t list taurine levels, you can infer quality by checking the ingredient list and sourcing. Hearts from pasture-raised turkeys contain higher taurine than factory-farmed birds. If your breed is prone to DCM (like Golden Retrievers or Dobermans), contact manufacturers directly for taurine assay results—reputable companies test and will share this data.