Eco-Friendly Soft & Chewy Treats: Upcycled Sweet Potato & Salmon Skins 2026

Your dog’s tail wagging at treat time doesn’t have to come at the expense of the planet. As we move into 2026, the pet industry is experiencing a quiet revolution where sustainability meets nutrition in the form of soft, chewy treats made from upcycled sweet potato and salmon skins. These aren’t just another eco-friendly fad—they represent a fundamental shift in how we think about food waste, pet nutrition, and the environmental pawprint our companions leave behind.

What makes this combination particularly compelling is the elegant simplicity of its philosophy: take nutrient-rich byproducts that would otherwise contribute to landfill methane emissions and transform them into something your pet genuinely loves. The sweet potato skins provide natural fiber and gentle sweetness, while salmon skins deliver a concentrated dose of omega-3 fatty acids and collagen. Together, they create a texture that satisfies your dog’s chewing instincts while delivering measurable health benefits. But not all upcycled treats are created equal, and understanding what separates genuine sustainability from clever marketing is crucial for the conscious pet parent.

Top 10 Soft & Chewy Eco-Friendly Dog Treats with Salmon & Sweet Potato

Bocce's Bakery Oven Baked Salmon Recipe Treats for Dogs, Wheat-Free Everyday Dog Treats, Made with Real Ingredients, Baked in The USA, All-Natural Soft & Chewy Cookies, Salmon, 6 ozBocce's Bakery Oven Baked Salmon Recipe Treats for Dogs, Wheat-Free Everyday Dog Treats, Made with Real Ingredients, Baked in The USA, All-Natural Soft & Chewy Cookies, Salmon, 6 ozCheck Price
Evolve Grain Free Salmon and Sweet Potato Jerky Bites Dog TreatsEvolve Grain Free Salmon and Sweet Potato Jerky Bites Dog TreatsCheck Price
KUADELRO Healthy Sweet Potato Dog Treats, Soft and Low Fat Dog Training Treats for Small Medium Dogs and Large Breed, Single Ingredient Chews Snacks 10.58oz/25-30pcsKUADELRO Healthy Sweet Potato Dog Treats, Soft and Low Fat Dog Training Treats for Small Medium Dogs and Large Breed, Single Ingredient Chews Snacks 10.58oz/25-30pcsCheck Price
Canidae Pure Dog Treat Biscuits with Salmon & Sweet Potato, 11 oz, Grain FreeCanidae Pure Dog Treat Biscuits with Salmon & Sweet Potato, 11 oz, Grain FreeCheck Price
Healthfuls Sweet Potato Slices Healthy Dog Treats – Limited Ingredient, Grain Free, Made from Real Dried Sweet Potatoes, 16 ozHealthfuls Sweet Potato Slices Healthy Dog Treats – Limited Ingredient, Grain Free, Made from Real Dried Sweet Potatoes, 16 ozCheck Price
Sweet Potato Slices For Dogs - Soft & Chewy - Single Ingredient Dog Treats, Healthy 100% Natural Sweet Potato Dog Treats With No Added Preservatives - Softer & Great For Puppies Or Senior Dogs (14oz)Sweet Potato Slices For Dogs - Soft & Chewy - Single Ingredient Dog Treats, Healthy 100% Natural Sweet Potato Dog Treats With No Added Preservatives - Softer & Great For Puppies Or Senior Dogs (14oz)Check Price
BRUTUS & BARNABY Sweet Potato Dog Treats – Support Sensitive Stomachs with USA-Grown, Hypoallergenic Treats That Smell as Good as They TasteBRUTUS & BARNABY Sweet Potato Dog Treats – Support Sensitive Stomachs with USA-Grown, Hypoallergenic Treats That Smell as Good as They TasteCheck Price
Sweet Potato Dog Treats - Grain Free, Salmon & Kelp Crunchy Sticks - Great Tasting, Promotes Positive Dog Gut Health with Natural Anti-Diarrhea Properties, No Preservatives Added (14oz)Sweet Potato Dog Treats - Grain Free, Salmon & Kelp Crunchy Sticks - Great Tasting, Promotes Positive Dog Gut Health with Natural Anti-Diarrhea Properties, No Preservatives Added (14oz)Check Price
Sweet Potato Slices For Dogs - Soft & Chewy - Single Ingredient Dog Treats, Healthy 100% Natural Sweet Potato Dog Treats With No Added Preservatives - Softer & Great For Puppies Or Senior Dogs (8oz)Sweet Potato Slices For Dogs - Soft & Chewy - Single Ingredient Dog Treats, Healthy 100% Natural Sweet Potato Dog Treats With No Added Preservatives - Softer & Great For Puppies Or Senior Dogs (8oz)Check Price
Carolina Prime Pet 45111 Salmon And Sweet Tater Fillets Treat For Dogs, 5 oz pouchCarolina Prime Pet 45111 Salmon And Sweet Tater Fillets Treat For Dogs, 5 oz pouchCheck Price

Detailed Product Reviews

1. Bocce’s Bakery Oven Baked Salmon Recipe Treats for Dogs, Wheat-Free Everyday Dog Treats, Made with Real Ingredients, Baked in The USA, All-Natural Soft & Chewy Cookies, Salmon, 6 oz

Bocce's Bakery Oven Baked Salmon Recipe Treats for Dogs, Wheat-Free Everyday Dog Treats, Made with Real Ingredients, Baked in The USA, All-Natural Soft & Chewy Cookies, Salmon, 6 oz

Overview: Bocce’s Bakery delivers a premium soft-baked treat designed for dogs of all ages and sensitivities. These salmon-flavored cookies cater specifically to puppies, picky eaters, and seniors with delicate mouths. With only ten simple ingredients including oat flour, real salmon, and sweet potato, the treats prioritize digestibility and quality over complexity.

What Makes It Stand Out: The deliberately soft, chewy texture sets these apart from traditional crunchy biscuits. At just nine calories per treat, they enable guilt-free daily rewarding without contributing to weight issues. The company’s origin story—starting in a NYC kitchen with a rescue dog named Bocce—adds authenticity to their small-batch, artisanal approach. Their commitment to USA-sourced ingredients and strict avoidance of wheat, corn, soy, and artificial preservatives appeals to health-conscious pet parents.

Value for Money: At $21.34 per pound, these treats sit in the premium category. The high cost reflects the quality ingredients, domestic manufacturing, and specialized soft-baking process. While expensive compared to mass-market options, the limited-ingredient formulation and suitability for dogs with dental challenges justify the investment for targeted needs.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include the soft texture perfect for seniors, limited ingredient list for sensitive stomachs, low calorie count, and transparent USA-based production. Weaknesses involve the premium price point and small 6-ounce package size, which may not suit multi-dog households. The soft consistency may also disappoint dogs who prefer a satisfying crunch.

Bottom Line: Ideal for owners seeking gentle, limited-ingredient treats for dogs with dental sensitivities or selective palates. The quality justifies the cost for specific use cases, though budget-conscious buyers may find better value elsewhere.


2. Evolve Grain Free Salmon and Sweet Potato Jerky Bites Dog Treats

Evolve Grain Free Salmon and Sweet Potato Jerky Bites Dog Treats

Overview: Evolve positions these treats as a super-premium, grain-free option centered on ancestral nutrition principles. Each soft, chewy bite features real deboned salmon as the primary ingredient, appealing to owners who prioritize protein quality and species-appropriate diets for their canine companions.

What Makes It Stand Out: The jerky-style texture provides a satisfying chew that engages dogs longer than typical biscuits. By eliminating fillers, corn, wheat, soy, and artificial additives entirely, Evolve targets the growing market of owners seeking clean-label pet foods. The brand’s broader product ecosystem—including foods and treats in proteins like venison and duck—suggests comprehensive nutritional expertise.

Value for Money: At $11.29 per pound, these treats offer moderate pricing for a salmon-based, grain-free product. This positions them as accessible premium treats—more expensive than basic options but reasonable compared to boutique brands. The focus on deboned salmon as the first ingredient rather than meals or by-products supports the price point.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include high-quality salmon protein, grain-free formulation, absence of artificial ingredients, and a texture that satisfies chewing instincts. The jerky format provides mental stimulation. Weaknesses may include the chewiness being too challenging for very young puppies or seniors with significant dental issues. The salmon aroma, while appealing to dogs, might be strong for human noses.

Bottom Line: A solid choice for owners wanting high-protein, grain-free jerky treats without boutique-level pricing. Best suited for adult dogs with healthy teeth who enjoy a substantial chew.


3. KUADELRO Healthy Sweet Potato Dog Treats, Soft and Low Fat Dog Training Treats for Small Medium Dogs and Large Breed, Single Ingredient Chews Snacks 10.58oz/25-30pcs

KUADELRO Healthy Sweet Potato Dog Treats, Soft and Low Fat Dog Training Treats for Small Medium Dogs and Large Breed, Single Ingredient Chews Snacks 10.58oz/25-30pcs

Overview: KUADELRO offers a minimalist approach with these single-ingredient sweet potato chews. Made from 100% orange sweet potatoes, these treats target health-conscious owners managing dogs with allergies, weight concerns, or sensitive digestion. The slow-drying process creates a soft, chewy texture suitable for various breed sizes.

What Makes It Stand Out: The single-ingredient purity eliminates guesswork for elimination diets. Rich in beta-carotene and natural antioxidants, these treats function as functional food supporting vision, skin health, and immune function. The low-fat, low-calorie profile makes them exceptional for training sessions or overweight dogs. Their gentle texture cleans teeth without irritating gums, addressing dental health holistically.

Value for Money: At $1.23 per ounce ($19.68 per pound), these treats command a premium price for dried sweet potato. The cost reflects the single-ingredient sourcing and specialized drying process. While expensive compared to multi-ingredient alternatives, the purity justifies the investment for dogs with severe allergies or strict dietary requirements.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include hypoallergenic single-ingredient formulation, low-fat content ideal for weight management, natural beta-carotene benefits, and suitability for dogs with grain sensitivities. The soft texture accommodates seniors. Weaknesses center on the high price per pound and potential monotony for dogs craving variety. Some pieces may be inconsistently sized.

Bottom Line: Excellent for dogs with dietary restrictions or weight management needs. The premium cost is justified by ingredient purity, though owners of dogs without sensitivities may find comparable value at lower prices.


4. Canidae Pure Dog Treat Biscuits with Salmon & Sweet Potato, 11 oz, Grain Free

Canidae Pure Dog Treat Biscuits with Salmon & Sweet Potato, 11 oz, Grain Free

Overview: Canidae’s Pure line delivers crunchy, grain-free biscuits combining real salmon with nutrient-dense sweet potatoes. Designed as a functional treat, the crunchy texture promotes dental health through mechanical cleaning action while the easy-snap design allows customizable portion sizes for different breeds.

What Makes It Stand Out: The brand’s commitment to regenerative agriculture and premium proteins distinguishes them environmentally. The easy-snap design solves a common problem—treats that are either too big for small dogs or insufficient for large breeds. Real salmon as the first ingredient ensures robust flavor and quality protein, while the crunchy texture satisfies dogs who prefer snapping biscuits over chewy alternatives.

Value for Money: At $14.53 per pound, these biscuits occupy the mid-premium range. The price reflects quality ingredients, ethical sourcing commitments, and the functional dental benefits. They’re more economical than soft-baked boutique treats while maintaining ingredient integrity, offering reasonable value for conscious consumers.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include dental-cleaning crunchy texture, flexible easy-snap sizing, grain-free formulation, and Canidae’s sustainability initiatives. The 11-ounce package provides decent quantity. Weaknesses involve the crunchy texture being unsuitable for seniors with dental pain or dogs requiring soft treats. Some picky eaters may prefer softer, smellier options.

Bottom Line: A smart choice for owners prioritizing dental health and ethical sourcing. The versatile sizing and quality ingredients make these suitable for most adult dogs, though not ideal for those needing soft treats.


5. Healthfuls Sweet Potato Slices Healthy Dog Treats – Limited Ingredient, Grain Free, Made from Real Dried Sweet Potatoes, 16 oz

Healthfuls Sweet Potato Slices Healthy Dog Treats – Limited Ingredient, Grain Free, Made from Real Dried Sweet Potatoes, 16 oz

Overview: Healthfuls offers straightforward, budget-friendly sweet potato slices emphasizing natural nutrition. These limited-ingredient treats contain only dried sweet potatoes, delivering vitamin A, beta-carotene, and dietary fiber without grains, artificial additives, or fillers. Lab-tested in the USA, they prioritize safety and simplicity.

What Makes It Stand Out: The exceptional value at $8.99 per pound makes quality natural treats accessible to budget-conscious owners. Unlike many dried sweet potato products that can become rock-hard, these maintain a chewy texture that most dogs manage comfortably. The 16-ounce package provides substantial quantity, and the lab-testing commitment offers peace of mind regarding contaminants and quality consistency.

Value for Money: This is the best price-per-pound among comparable products. The one-pound bag delivers excellent quantity without sacrificing quality or safety testing. For owners wanting natural, limited-ingredient treats without premium pricing, Healthfuls represents outstanding value that doesn’t compromise on core benefits.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include unbeatable price for natural treats, simple limited-ingredient formula, USA lab-testing, generous package size, and nutritional benefits for skin, coat, and vision. The texture suits most dogs. Weaknesses may include inconsistent slice thickness in some batches, and the simple sweet potato flavor might not entice dogs accustomed to meaty treats. Very aggressive chewers might finish them quickly.

Bottom Line: The top budget pick for healthy, natural treats. Perfect for owners wanting limited-ingredient nutrition without the boutique price tag. Ideal for everyday treating, training, or supplementing a dog’s diet with natural fiber and vitamins.


6. Sweet Potato Slices For Dogs - Soft & Chewy - Single Ingredient Dog Treats, Healthy 100% Natural Sweet Potato Dog Treats With No Added Preservatives - Softer & Great For Puppies Or Senior Dogs (14oz)

Sweet Potato Slices For Dogs - Soft & Chewy - Single Ingredient Dog Treats, Healthy 100% Natural Sweet Potato Dog Treats With No Added Preservatives - Softer & Great For Puppies Or Senior Dogs (14oz)

Overview: Brutus & Barnaby delivers a thoughtfully crafted soft-chew sweet potato treat that prioritizes digestibility and natural nutrition. These 14-ounce dehydrated slices provide a single-ingredient snack free from preservatives, targeting puppies, seniors, and dogs with tender mouths or dietary sensitivities. The grain-free, gluten-free composition aligns with raw-feeding philosophies and elimination diets.

What Makes It Stand Out: The intentionally softer texture distinguishes this from typical jerky-like sweet potato chews. Thicker cuts extend chewing time while remaining pliable enough to tear into training-sized portions. Zero fat and no added sugar make these guilt-free for overweight or diabetic dogs. The natural fiber stabilizes blood sugar, while antioxidants support immune health. Brutus & Barnaby’s satisfaction guarantee demonstrates confidence in their farm-to-bowl quality.

Value for Money: At $1.50 per ounce ($20.99 total), these command premium pricing. However, single-ingredient purity and specialized soft dehydration justify the cost compared to multi-ingredient commercial treats. For dogs requiring gentle textures, it’s more economical than prescription alternatives. The 14-ounce quantity provides reasonable longevity for small-to-medium dogs.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include single-ingredient transparency, soft texture for sensitive mouths, versatility (can be cut), and suitability for diabetic dogs. The grain-free formula aids digestion. Weaknesses: aggressive chewers may finish them quickly, and owners seeking dental benefits might prefer harder textures. The price exceeds basic biscuit treats.

Bottom Line: An excellent choice for health-focused owners of puppies, seniors, or dogs with allergies. The soft texture and clean ingredient list make it a superior alternative to processed treats. While not budget-priced, the quality and specialized formulation offer strong value for dogs with specific needs.


7. BRUTUS & BARNABY Sweet Potato Dog Treats – Support Sensitive Stomachs with USA-Grown, Hypoallergenic Treats That Smell as Good as They Taste

BRUTUS & BARNABY Sweet Potato Dog Treats – Support Sensitive Stomachs with USA-Grown, Hypoallergenic Treats That Smell as Good as They Taste

Overview: This variant from Brutus & Barnaby emphasizes American sourcing and production control for dogs with sensitive stomachs. These dehydrated sweet potato treats originate from North Carolina farms and undergo processing in an FDA-registered, SQF-certified facility. The single-ingredient, hypoallergenic formula eliminates fillers, glycerin, and preservatives that commonly trigger digestive issues.

What Makes It Stand Out: Complete supply chain oversight from USA farm to bag sets this apart from imported alternatives. Using whole, fresh sweet potatoes rather than reconstituted base material ensures seasonal variation in texture and firmness, signaling authentic processing. The thicker, heartier slices provide more substantial chewing satisfaction for small to large breeds. For those needing softer options, the company explicitly offers a soft-chew variant from the same premium potatoes.

Value for Money: At $23.99 per pound ($27.42/lb), these rank among the premium tier. The cost reflects domestic farming, rigorous facility certification, and quality control absent in cheaper imports. For dogs with food sensitivities, this investment prevents costly veterinary visits from allergic reactions. The transparency and safety protocols justify the premium over discount brands.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include USA-only sourcing, certified production facilities, single-ingredient purity, and explicit suitability for sensitive stomachs. The thicker cut offers durability. Weaknesses: premium pricing may deter budget shoppers, and texture variation (while natural) might disappoint those expecting uniform products. Some seniors may find thicker slices too firm.

Bottom Line: A top-tier choice for owners prioritizing American-made quality and digestive safety. The rigorous standards and hypoallergenic formulation make it ideal for sensitive dogs. Though expensive, the peace of mind and ingredient integrity warrant the price. Consider the soft-chew version for seniors or small breeds.


8. Sweet Potato Dog Treats - Grain Free, Salmon & Kelp Crunchy Sticks - Great Tasting, Promotes Positive Dog Gut Health with Natural Anti-Diarrhea Properties, No Preservatives Added (14oz)

Sweet Potato Dog Treats - Grain Free, Salmon & Kelp Crunchy Sticks - Great Tasting, Promotes Positive Dog Gut Health with Natural Anti-Diarrhea Properties, No Preservatives Added (14oz)

Overview: These innovative crunchy sticks combine sweet potato with salmon and kelp, creating a multi-functional treat that extends beyond basic snacking. The 14-ounce package delivers grain-free nutrition enhanced with omega-3 fatty acids and marine-sourced minerals. Marketed for gut health and anti-diarrhea benefits, these sticks appeal to owners seeking therapeutic value in treats.

What Makes It Stand Out: The salmon infusion provides omega-3s for skin and coat health, while kelp adds iodine, calcium, and immune-supporting compounds. This transforms a simple carbohydrate treat into a nutrient-dense supplement. The crunchy texture satisfies dogs who prefer crisp chews, and the stick format allows portion control—snap off small training rewards or offer whole. Despite multiple ingredients, the formula remains free from preservatives and fillers.

Value for Money: At $1.43 per ounce ($19.98 for 14oz), these cost slightly less than single-ingredient sweet potato treats while delivering additional nutritional benefits. The salmon and kelp inclusion would be significantly more expensive if purchased as separate supplements. For owners already buying fish oil or mineral additives, this treat consolidates costs.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include enhanced nutritional profile, crunchy texture for dental stimulation, versatile sizing, and anti-diarrhea fiber. The grain-free formula suits allergic dogs. Weaknesses: salmon may cause allergies in some dogs, and the fish aroma could be off-putting indoors. Multi-ingredient status fails strict elimination diets. Not ideal for dogs requiring soft textures.

Bottom Line: An excellent value-added treat for generally healthy dogs needing omega-3 and mineral support. The crunchy texture and gut-health benefits make it superior to plain sweet potato for active dogs. However, verify salmon tolerance first. For sensitive stomachs, stick with single-ingredient options.


9. Sweet Potato Slices For Dogs - Soft & Chewy - Single Ingredient Dog Treats, Healthy 100% Natural Sweet Potato Dog Treats With No Added Preservatives - Softer & Great For Puppies Or Senior Dogs (8oz)

Sweet Potato Slices For Dogs - Soft & Chewy - Single Ingredient Dog Treats, Healthy 100% Natural Sweet Potato Dog Treats With No Added Preservatives - Softer & Great For Puppies Or Senior Dogs (8oz)

Overview: This 8-ounce package delivers the same soft, chewy sweet potato formula as its larger counterpart, targeting owners seeking a trial size or managing smaller dogs. Brutus & Barnaby maintains their single-ingredient, grain-free standard without preservatives, catering to puppies, seniors, and dogs with dietary restrictions. The compact size reduces waste if your dog proves picky.

What Makes It Stand Out: Identical to the 14-ounce version, these slices offer the same soft texture achieved through careful dehydration, making them suitable for dogs with dental issues or delicate stomachs. The ability to tear pieces into training-sized bits remains a key feature. The satisfaction guarantee extends to this smaller size, allowing risk-free testing of the product’s palatability and digestibility before committing to larger quantities.

Value for Money: At $1.50 per ounce ($11.99 total), the per-ounce cost matches the larger bag, offering no bulk discount. However, the lower total price point provides an accessible entry for budget-conscious owners or those with small breeds who won’t consume 14 ounces before freshness fades. For multi-dog households, the larger size remains more economical.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include the same high-quality, single-ingredient formula as the larger size, softer texture for sensitive dogs, and lower financial risk. The grain-free, zero-fat composition supports various health conditions. Weaknesses: frequent repurchasing increases packaging waste, and aggressive chewers will deplete the bag rapidly. No per-ounce savings compared to the 14-ounce option.

Bottom Line: Ideal for first-time buyers or owners of toy/small breeds. The smaller quantity lets you verify your dog’s acceptance without a $20+ commitment. If your dog loves them, upgrade to the 14-ounce for better long-term value. For households with one small dog, this size perfectly balances freshness and cost.


10. Carolina Prime Pet 45111 Salmon And Sweet Tater Fillets Treat For Dogs, 5 oz pouch

Carolina Prime Pet 45111 Salmon And Sweet Tater Fillets Treat For Dogs, 5 oz pouch

Overview: Carolina Prime Pet combines wild-caught Alaskan salmon with sweet potato in a 5-ounce resealable pouch. Positioned as a premium protein-enhanced treat, this product targets owners seeking fish-based nutrition beyond standard carbohydrate snacks. The fillet format suggests a meat-first approach with sweet potato as a supporting ingredient.

What Makes It Stand Out: The wild-caught Alaskan salmon sourcing distinguishes this from farmed fish treats, offering higher omega-3 quality and fewer contaminants. The resealable pouch maintains freshness in a small quantity ideal for intermittent rewarding. The minimal product description suggests simplicity, though it lacks the detailed transparency of competitors regarding processing standards or ingredient ratios.

Value for Money: At $25.57 per pound ($7.99 for 5oz), this ranks as a premium-priced treat. The high cost reflects wild salmon sourcing, but the vague feature list makes value assessment difficult. Compared to Brutus & Barnaby’s salmon-enhanced sticks at $22.88/lb, Carolina Prime costs more while providing less product information. The small pouch size limits financial risk but increases per-ounce expense.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include wild-caught salmon protein, convenient resealable packaging, and compact size for freshness. The fillet format may appeal to dogs preferring meaty textures. Weaknesses: extremely limited feature disclosure raises questions about preservatives, additives, or processing methods. No mention of grain status, organic certification, or quality guarantees. The high price per pound demands more transparency.

Bottom Line: A decent option for dogs craving salmon flavor, but the lack of detailed information makes it hard to fully recommend. Wild-caught sourcing is commendable, but competitors offer better transparency and value. Purchase if your dog specifically prefers fillet textures over sticks or slices, otherwise choose brands providing comprehensive ingredient and processing details.


The Upcycling Revolution in Pet Nutrition

The concept of upcycling has evolved far beyond trendy zero-waste cafes and into the heart of pet food manufacturing. In 2026, upcycled ingredients represent one of the fastest-growing segments in the sustainable pet care market, driven by consumer demand and innovative production methods that preserve nutritional integrity.

What Does “Upcycled” Really Mean for Pet Treats?

True upcycling in pet nutrition means rescuing human-grade ingredients from the waste stream before they become food waste—not after. For sweet potato skins, this typically involves collecting peels from facilities that produce frozen sweet potato fries or purees. These skins arrive within hours of peeling, still nutrient-dense and viable. Salmon skins come from fish processing plants that fillet salmon for human consumption, where the skin is removed and often discarded despite being rich in collagen and omega-3s.

The key distinction lies in timing and quality control. Upcycled ingredients must be handled with the same safety protocols as primary ingredients, which means immediate refrigeration, pathogen testing, and traceability back to the source. When you see “upcycled” on a label in 2026, it should indicate a verifiable supply chain partnership, not just a creative marketing term for low-cost fillers.

Why Sweet Potato and Salmon Skins Make Perfect Partners

The marriage of these two ingredients isn’t accidental—it’s nutritional chemistry. Sweet potato skins contain resistant starch that feeds beneficial gut bacteria, while salmon skins provide the protein and fatty acids that support the intestinal lining itself. This creates a symbiotic effect where the whole treat delivers more digestive benefits than either ingredient could alone.

From a manufacturing standpoint, the natural gelatin in salmon skins acts as a binder, allowing these treats to achieve their characteristic soft, chewy texture without artificial gelling agents. The sweet potato skins, when dehydrated at precise temperatures, create a pliable matrix that holds moisture while resisting mold growth. This natural synergy reduces the need for synthetic preservatives, aligning perfectly with the clean-label demands of modern pet parents.

Environmental Impact: Beyond the Buzzwords

Every treat choice creates a ripple effect through our food system. Understanding the measurable environmental benefits of upcycled ingredients helps justify the sometimes higher price point and reinforces the value of your purchasing decision.

Reducing Food Waste at the Source

The statistics are staggering: approximately 20% of sweet potatoes are discarded due to cosmetic imperfections or processing byproducts, and fish processing facilities waste up to 30% of each salmon’s weight in skins, frames, and trimmings. In 2026, the pet treat industry is positioned to divert an estimated 50,000 tons of these nutrient-rich byproducts from landfills.

When organic matter like sweet potato peels decomposes in landfills, it does so anaerobically, producing methane—a greenhouse gas 28 times more potent than carbon dioxide. By intercepting these skins and salmon byproducts at the processing facility, treat manufacturers prevent this methane generation while creating value. The carbon offset of this diversion is substantial: each pound of upcycled sweet potato skins used in treats represents approximately 0.8 pounds of CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) prevented from entering the atmosphere.

Carbon Pawprint: The Numbers Behind the Savings

Transportation represents the next piece of the environmental puzzle. Upcycled ingredients typically travel shorter distances from source to manufacturer because treat producers partner with regional processing facilities. A conventional treat ingredient might journey 2,000 miles from farm to production facility, while upcycled sweet potato skins often travel less than 300 miles.

This localization reduces transportation emissions by up to 85%. Additionally, the energy required to transform these byproducts into treats is significantly lower than processing primary ingredients from scratch. Salmon skins, for instance, require minimal additional cooking since they’re already heat-treated during the initial fish processing, saving approximately 40% of the energy needed for raw ingredient preparation.

Water Conservation in Treat Production

Water usage is another hidden environmental cost. Growing a pound of sweet potatoes requires approximately 34 gallons of water—growing that same pound just for its skin would be wildly inefficient. By using skins that are already separated, treat manufacturers capitalize on the water already invested in the crop without demanding additional agricultural resources.

Salmon skin upcycling saves even more dramatically. Aquaculture is water-intensive, with each pound of salmon requiring thousands of gallons of water flow through pens. Utilizing the skins means capturing value from that water investment rather than letting it swim away, so to speak. In 2026, leading manufacturers are implementing closed-loop water systems that reduce freshwater use by an additional 60% during the treat drying process.

Nutritional Powerhouse: What Your Pet Actually Gets

Beyond the environmental benefits, these treats deliver concentrated nutrition that supports your pet’s health in tangible ways. The soft, chewy texture isn’t just palatable—it’s a delivery system for bioavailable nutrients.

Sweet Potato Skins: Fiber, Vitamins, and Natural Sweetness

Sweet potato skins contain three times the fiber of the flesh, including both soluble and insoluble types that support digestive regularity and satiety. They’re particularly rich in insoluble fiber, which adds bulk to stool and helps express anal glands naturally during defecation—a common concern for many dog owners.

The skins also concentrate the sweet potato’s impressive vitamin profile. You’ll find higher levels of vitamin A (as beta-carotene), vitamin C, and manganese in the skin compared to the flesh. Vitamin A supports vision and immune function, while vitamin C acts as an antioxidant. The natural sweetness comes from complex carbohydrates that release energy slowly, avoiding the blood sugar spikes associated with simple sugars in many commercial treats.

Salmon Skins: Omega-3s, Collagen, and Protein

Salmon skin is one of nature’s most concentrated sources of marine collagen, which differs from bovine or porcine collagen in its amino acid profile. Marine collagen peptides are smaller and more easily absorbed, directly supporting joint cartilage, skin elasticity, and coat shine. For senior dogs or breeds prone to hip dysplasia, this can be a game-changer.

The omega-3 fatty acid content in salmon skin is exceptional—particularly EPA and DHA, which reduce inflammation throughout the body. These fatty acids support cognitive function, making them valuable for both growing puppies and aging dogs. A single soft, chewy treat can contain up to 200mg of omega-3s, a meaningful contribution to the daily therapeutic dose recommended for joint health.

The Synergy of Combined Ingredients

When sweet potato skins and salmon skins are combined and properly processed, they create a nutritional synergy. The vitamin E naturally present in sweet potato skins protects the delicate omega-3 fatty acids in salmon skin from oxidation, preserving their potency through shelf life. Meanwhile, the amino acids from salmon protein complement the limited amino acid profile of sweet potato, creating a more complete protein source than either ingredient alone.

This combination also moderates the glycemic impact. The protein and fat from salmon skins slow the absorption of carbohydrates from sweet potato skins, resulting in a treat that provides sustained energy rather than a quick spike. For diabetic dogs or those watching their weight, this metabolic balance is crucial.

The Soft & Chewy Texture: Science and Benefits

Texture isn’t just about preference—it affects digestibility, dental health, and even behavior. The pliable nature of these upcycled treats serves specific purposes that crunchy alternatives cannot match.

Why Texture Matters for Different Life Stages

For puppies with developing teeth and senior dogs with dental wear, soft treats prevent tooth fracture and gum irritation. The chewy texture provides resistance that helps clean teeth through mechanical action without the hardness that can damage enamel. The treat’s pliability allows it to bend around tooth surfaces, scraping away soft plaque before it hardens into tartar.

Cats, too, benefit from soft textures, though they’re often overlooked in the treat market. A truly soft, chewy treat can be broken into smaller pieces for training or medication administration, something impossible with brittle, crumbly alternatives. The moisture content in these treats—typically 15-20%—also aids hydration, particularly important for cats prone to urinary issues.

The Manufacturing Process That Creates Perfect Chew

Achieving the ideal soft, chewy texture requires precise control over temperature, humidity, and time. Manufacturers use low-temperature dehydration (typically 165-185°F) rather than high-heat baking or extrusion. This preserves heat-sensitive nutrients while slowly removing moisture to create a stable but pliable product.

The salmon skin’s natural collagen begins to gelatinize at these temperatures, creating a binding network that traps moisture within the treat matrix. Sweet potato skins, when sliced thin and dehydrated properly, become leathery rather than brittle. The result is a treat that yields to pressure but resists tearing, providing the satisfying chew that dogs crave while remaining easy to digest.

Reading Between the Lines: Label Decoding 2026

In an era of greenwashing, understanding how to read treat labels is an essential skill. The terminology has evolved, and new certifications have emerged that actually verify sustainability claims.

Certification Marks That Actually Matter

Look for the Upcycled Food Association’s certification mark, launched in late 2024, which verifies that at least 50% of the product’s ingredients are verifiably upcycled from the human food supply chain. This certification requires third-party supply chain audits and annual renewal, making it more rigorous than self-reported claims.

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) blue fish label on salmon-skin treats indicates the fish came from a certified sustainable fishery. However, a newer certification to watch for in 2026 is the “Full Utilization” seal from the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership, which specifically verifies that the processor uses at least 95% of each fish, including skins, frames, and trimmings.

For sweet potato sourcing, the Regenerative Organic Certified (ROC) label goes beyond organic to verify soil health, animal welfare, and social fairness. While rare in 2026, it’s becoming the gold standard for ingredient transparency.

Red Flags in “Eco-Friendly” Marketing

Beware of vague terms like “naturally sourced” or “eco-conscious” without specific certifications. “Made with upcycled ingredients” could mean as little as 5% of the product qualifies. The phrase “human-grade” is also misleading—it has no legal definition in pet food and doesn’t guarantee sustainability.

Watch for ingredient splitting, where a manufacturer lists “sweet potato skins” and “dehydrated sweet potatoes” separately to move a less desirable ingredient down the list. The salmon source should be specified as “salmon skins” not just “salmon byproducts,” which could include less nutritious parts.

Understanding the Ingredient Hierarchy

Ingredients are listed by weight before processing. Since salmon skins are heavy with moisture, they might appear first on the label but contribute less to the final dry weight than dehydrated sweet potato skins. A high-quality treat will list both primary ingredients within the top three and specify percentages.

In 2026, progressive brands are adopting “dry matter basis” transparency, showing the guaranteed analysis as it appears in the final product. This allows you to compare protein, fat, and fiber content accurately across treats with different moisture levels.

Sourcing Transparency: From Ocean to Bowl

The journey of these ingredients from source to treat bag matters as much as the final product. Supply chain transparency has become a key differentiator in 2026.

Sustainable Salmon Farming vs. Wild-Caught

The debate between farmed and wild salmon has nuanced implications for treat quality. Wild-caught Alaskan salmon skins are often considered superior due to the fish’s natural diet and robust omega-3 profile. However, responsible aquaculture operations in places like Norway and Scotland are now producing salmon with comparable nutritional values and lower environmental impact due to improved feed efficiency and waste management.

Look for treats that specify the salmon source region. Wild-caught salmon from well-managed fisheries carries a different environmental profile than farmed salmon from open-net pens in vulnerable ecosystems. The best upcycled treats in 2026 will partner with processors that use integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), where salmon waste feeds other organisms, creating a circular system.

Sweet Potato Agriculture: Regenerative Practices

Sweet potato skins from conventional farms may carry pesticide residues concentrated in the peel. In 2026, leading treat makers are sourcing exclusively from farms using regenerative practices that build soil health without synthetic chemicals. These farms often grow cover crops between sweet potato rotations, sequestering carbon and reducing erosion.

Some manufacturers have gone further, creating “skin partnerships” where they contract directly with sweet potato processors, ensuring a steady supply while helping farmers invest in better peeling equipment that preserves more of the nutritious inner skin. This collaboration reduces waste at the processing level and improves the quality of the upcycled ingredient.

Quality Indicators: What Experts Look For

Beyond the label, physical characteristics reveal much about a treat’s quality and manufacturing integrity. Learning to assess these cues helps you make informed decisions without relying solely on marketing.

Moisture Content and Preservation

A properly formulated soft, chewy treat should feel pliable but not sticky. Excess moisture leads to mold, while too little creates a hard, brittle product. The sweet spot is 12-18% moisture, which should be listed in the guaranteed analysis. Treats in this range stay fresh for 12-18 months without artificial preservatives.

Natural preservation methods matter. Mixed tocopherols (vitamin E) derived from sunflower oil are the gold standard for preventing fat oxidation in salmon skins. Some 2026 formulations also incorporate rosemary extract, which contains carnosic acid that inhibits bacterial growth while providing antioxidant benefits.

Color, Aroma, and Visual Cues

High-quality sweet potato and salmon skin treats exhibit a rich, burnt orange color with darker marbling from the salmon skin. They should smell mildly fishy and sweet—not rancid or overwhelmingly pungent. A strong, unpleasant odor indicates oxidation of the salmon oils.

The texture should be uniform without hard spots or overly dry edges, suggesting inconsistent dehydration. When bent, the treat should flex without cracking. Crumbling indicates over-drying or poor binding, which means the collagen wasn’t properly activated during processing.

Third-Party Testing and Safety Protocols

Reputable manufacturers in 2026 test every batch for pathogens including Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli, even though the low-water-activity of these treats makes bacterial growth unlikely. They also test for heavy metals, particularly mercury and PCBs in salmon skins, ensuring levels remain well below FDA thresholds.

Ask for a Certificate of Analysis (COA)—progressive companies publish these on their websites using batch numbers printed on the package. This level of transparency is becoming the expectation rather than the exception for premium upcycled treats.

Packaging Innovations in 2026

The sustainability story doesn’t end with the treat itself. Packaging has undergone a revolution, with new materials that balance protection, shelf life, and environmental responsibility.

Compostable vs. Recyclable: Making the Right Choice

Compostable packaging made from plant-based films (often cornstarch or sugarcane derivatives) has improved dramatically, offering 12-month barrier protection against moisture and oxygen. However, these materials require industrial composting facilities that reach sustained high temperatures—rare in many municipalities.

Recyclable packaging, particularly mono-material polyethylene pouches, are more widely processed but depend on consumer access to store drop-off programs. The most sustainable choice in 2026 is packaging made from post-consumer recycled (PCR) content that can itself be recycled, creating a circular loop. Look for the How2Recycle label that provides clear disposal instructions.

Minimalist Design and Carbon-Neutral Shipping

Forward-thinking brands are eliminating outer boxes and printing directly on pouches using soy-based inks. Some have adopted “naked shipping,” where treats arrive in minimal packaging inside a recyclable cardboard box with paper tape.

Carbon-neutral shipping is becoming standard, with companies investing in renewable energy credits and packaging lightweighting to reduce transportation emissions. The weight difference between traditional rigid containers and flexible pouches reduces shipping emissions by up to 70%.

Price vs. Value: Investing in True Sustainability

The cost of upcycled sweet potato and salmon skin treats often exceeds conventional options. Understanding what drives this pricing helps determine whether you’re paying for genuine sustainability or just a premium brand name.

Why Premium Pricing Isn’t Always Greenwashing

Upcycled ingredients actually cost more to source than commodity ingredients because they require separate handling, dedicated transportation, and quality verification at multiple points. The infrastructure to collect, preserve, and transport sweet potato skins from a processing plant to a treat facility is complex and still developing.

The low-temperature dehydration process is also energy-intensive and time-consuming, taking 8-12 hours per batch compared to 30 minutes for high-heat extrusion. This slow processing preserves nutrition but increases production costs. When you factor in third-party testing, sustainable packaging, and fair labor practices, the price reflects true cost accounting rather than inflated margins.

Calculating Cost Per Serving and Environmental ROI

To assess value, calculate cost per treat rather than cost per bag. A $20 bag containing 60 treats costs $0.33 per serving. Compare this to a $10 bag of 30 conventional treats at $0.33 per serving—the price is identical, but the nutritional and environmental value differs dramatically.

Consider environmental ROI: if each treat prevents the emissions equivalent of driving 0.5 miles, feeding one treat daily for a year offsets 182 miles of driving. Over your pet’s lifetime, this cumulative impact is substantial. The premium price becomes an investment in planetary health that happens to benefit your pet.

Storage and Shelf Life: Maximizing Your Investment

Proper storage is critical for maintaining the nutritional integrity and safety of soft, chewy treats. The natural ingredients that make these treats desirable also make them more vulnerable to degradation.

Best Practices for Soft & Chewy Treats

Once opened, transfer treats to an airtight container if the original packaging isn’t resealable. Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight—excessive heat accelerates fat oxidation in the salmon skins, while humidity encourages mold growth on the sweet potato base.

Avoid refrigerating these treats unless the manufacturer specifically recommends it. The moisture fluctuation from removing and replacing them in the fridge can cause condensation inside the bag, creating microenvironments where mold can develop. Instead, if you live in a hot climate, store the airtight container in a temperature-controlled pantry.

Signs of Spoilage in Natural Products

Visual mold appears as white or green fuzzy spots, but spoilage can be more subtle. A rancid smell—sharp and unpleasant rather than mildly fishy—indicates the salmon oils have oxidized. The treat may also feel excessively oily or develop a sticky surface.

Color fading from vibrant orange to pale yellow suggests nutrient degradation, particularly the beta-carotene. While not necessarily unsafe, the treat has lost much of its nutritional value. When in doubt, discard any treat that looks, smells, or feels different from when you first opened the package.

Allergies and Dietary Considerations

While these treats are hypoallergenic for many pets, individual sensitivities still matter. Understanding potential issues helps you introduce them safely.

Common Sensitivities to Monitor

Salmon is a novel protein for many dogs, making it ideal for elimination diets. However, dogs with confirmed fish allergies will react to salmon skins just as they would to salmon meat. Symptoms include itchy skin, ear infections, and digestive upset.

Sweet potatoes are generally well-tolerated, but they are high in oxalates, which can contribute to calcium oxalate bladder stones in susceptible dogs. If your dog has a history of urinary crystals or stones, consult your veterinarian before introducing these treats regularly.

Grain-Free, Limited Ingredient, and Novel Protein Benefits

These treats naturally fit into grain-free and limited-ingredient diets, often containing just two main components plus natural preservatives. This simplicity makes them ideal for pets with inflammatory bowel disease or food sensitivities.

For pets on novel protein diets (using unconventional protein sources to manage allergies), salmon skins offer a unique advantage: they contain different protein fractions than salmon meat, meaning some dogs allergic to salmon fillet may tolerate the skins. However, this should only be attempted under veterinary supervision with a controlled introduction.

The 2026 Regulatory Landscape

Regulations are finally catching up with the upcycling movement, providing clearer definitions and safety standards that protect both pets and consumers from misleading claims.

New FDA Guidelines for Upcycled Ingredients

In early 2025, the FDA released draft guidance specifically addressing upcycled ingredients in pet food, requiring documentation of the ingredient’s history, handling procedures, and safety measures from source to final product. By 2026, this guidance becomes enforceable, meaning manufacturers must maintain detailed chain-of-custody records.

The guidance also establishes maximum allowable levels for environmental contaminants that might concentrate in skins and peels, including heavy metals and pesticide residues. This is particularly relevant for sweet potato skins, which can accumulate soil contaminants. Treats must now test below established thresholds for these compounds, with results available to consumers upon request.

State-Level Sustainability Claims

California’s SB-1234, effective January 2026, requires any product marketed as “sustainable” or “eco-friendly” to provide quantifiable metrics backing the claim. This includes carbon footprint reduction percentages, water savings, and waste diversion tonnage. While currently state-specific, this law is pushing national brands toward greater transparency to avoid creating separate packaging for California.

Other states are following suit, creating a patchwork of regulations that savvy consumers can leverage. Check whether your treat brand provides a sustainability report—those doing so voluntarily are typically exceeding minimum requirements.

DIY vs. Commercial: Making the Right Choice

The rise of upcycling has inspired many pet owners to consider homemade treats. While appealing, this approach carries hidden complexities that commercial production addresses systematically.

Home Preparation Safety Concerns

Dehydrating salmon skins at home requires maintaining a consistent temperature of at least 165°F for several hours to kill parasites and pathogens like Neorickettsia helminthoeca, which causes salmon poisoning disease in dogs. Most home dehydrators lack precise temperature control, and ovens often create hot spots that leave some areas undercooked.

Sweet potato skins present their own challenges. Conventional sweet potatoes are often treated with sprouting inhibitors and pesticides that concentrate in the peel. Without access to organic, untreated skins and proper washing protocols, you may inadvertently expose your pet to these chemicals. Commercial producers test for these compounds and source from verified suppliers.

When Commercial Production Makes More Sense

Commercial production offers economies of scale in sustainability. A treat facility processing 10,000 pounds of sweet potato skins weekly can negotiate direct partnerships with processors and invest in efficient dehydration equipment that reduces energy use per pound. They can also afford comprehensive testing that would cost a home preparer hundreds of dollars per batch.

The packaging expertise of commercial producers also extends shelf life naturally, reducing food waste from spoilage. Unless you have access to a reliable source of verified-clean ingredients and professional equipment, commercial upcycled treats offer both safety and superior environmental benefits.

Transitioning Your Pet: A Gradual Approach

Even the healthiest treat should be introduced thoughtfully to prevent digestive upset and to accurately monitor your pet’s response.

Introducing New Textures and Flavors

Start with a small piece—no larger than your thumbnail for a medium-sized dog—crumbled over their regular food. This allows their digestive system to adjust to the higher fiber content of sweet potato skins and the rich fat profile of salmon. Over 7-10 days, gradually increase to the full recommended serving size.

Watch your pet’s stool consistency. The increased fiber may initially cause looser stools, which should resolve within a few days. If diarrhea persists or you notice vomiting, discontinue and consult your veterinarian. Some pets need a slower transition, particularly those with sensitive stomachs or those new to fish-based proteins.

Portion Control and Calorie Awareness

These treats are calorie-dense due to the salmon skin fat content, averaging 8-12 calories per treat. For a 50-pound dog receiving 800 calories daily, just five treats represent 6% of their total caloric intake. Adjust meal portions accordingly to prevent weight gain, especially for less active pets.

Use these treats strategically rather than habitually. Reserve them for training, mental enrichment activities like stuffing in puzzle toys, or as a bedtime ritual. This prevents calorie creep and maintains their value as a high-reward item.

The Future of Upcycled Pet Treats

The sweet potato and salmon skin combination is just the beginning. Innovation in 2026 points toward an expanding universe of upcycled ingredients and technologies that will further transform sustainable pet nutrition.

Emerging Ingredients on the Horizon

Watch for upcycled spent grain from the craft beer industry, which provides digestible fiber and protein when handled properly. Fruit pomace from juice production—particularly blueberry and apple—is being tested for its antioxidant content and palatability. Even insect protein, while not upcycled in the traditional sense, is being integrated into treat bases to enhance sustainability.

The next frontier is upcycled meat trimmings that are currently rendered into low-value meal. New preservation technologies allow these nutrient-rich trimmings to be incorporated into soft treats without the pathogen risks that previously limited their use.

Technology Driving Transparency

Blockchain technology is being piloted by several treat manufacturers to provide immutable records of each ingredient’s journey. By scanning a QR code on the package, you could see the exact fishing vessel or farm where the salmon was caught, the processing facility that supplied the skins, and the date of manufacture.

Near-infrared spectroscopy is also being deployed for real-time quality control, analyzing each batch for nutrient content and contaminant levels before packaging. This ensures every bag matches the guaranteed analysis on the label, eliminating the batch-to-batch variability that plagues some natural products.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I know if “upcycled” claims are legitimate?
Look for third-party certification from the Upcycled Food Association or similar verified programs. Reputable brands will provide supply chain transparency, including documentation of their sourcing partnerships. Avoid products that use the term without specific percentages or certification marks.

Are these treats safe for puppies and senior dogs?
Yes, the soft, chewy texture is ideal for both life stages. Puppies over 12 weeks can enjoy them in moderation, and seniors benefit from the joint-supporting collagen and omega-3s. Always adjust portion sizes for the dog’s weight and caloric needs.

Can cats eat sweet potato and salmon skin treats?
While formulated primarily for dogs, most cats can safely consume these treats as an occasional snack. However, cats are obligate carnivores and require meat-based nutrition, so these should never replace protein-rich cat treats. Check with your veterinarian first.

How do these treats compare environmentally to plant-only options?
Salmon skin utilization prevents fish processing waste and provides nutrients difficult to obtain from plants alone. While plant-only treats have a lower carbon footprint, they miss the opportunity to divert waste from another industry. The most sustainable choice uses ingredients that would otherwise be discarded.

Will the salmon smell be overwhelming in my home?
High-quality treats have a mild, pleasant fish aroma that most pet owners find acceptable. Rancid or overpowering smells indicate oxidation and poor quality. Store treats in an airtight container to contain the scent, which is actually part of what makes them appealing to pets.

What if my dog has never had fish before?
Introduce slowly, starting with a tiny piece to watch for allergic reactions. Fish is a novel protein for many dogs, making it ideal for sensitive systems, but individual allergies can still occur. Monitor for itching, digestive upset, or ear infections for 48 hours after introduction.

How long do these treats stay fresh after opening?
When stored properly in an airtight container in a cool, dry place, these treats maintain quality for 3-4 months after opening. The best-by date on the package is for unopened storage. If you notice color fading, odor changes, or stickiness, it’s time to replace them.

Are there any dogs who shouldn’t eat these treats?
Dogs with confirmed fish allergies, those prone to calcium oxalate bladder stones, or dogs on ultra-low-fat diets for medical reasons should avoid these treats. Always consult your veterinarian if your dog has specific health conditions or dietary restrictions.

Why are these treats more expensive than conventional options?
The price reflects the true cost of sustainable sourcing, low-temperature processing that preserves nutrients, comprehensive safety testing, and eco-friendly packaging. You’re paying for verified environmental impact and superior nutrition, not just marketing.

Can I make these treats at home more sustainably?
Home preparation is difficult to do safely and sustainably. Sourcing verified-clean, organic sweet potato skins and properly handled salmon skins is challenging for individuals. Commercial production’s scale creates greater environmental benefit through waste diversion and efficient processing that home methods can’t match.